Generalized Schmertmann Equation for settlement estimation of shallow footings in saturated and unsaturated sands

Simple relationships are proposed in this paper by modifying the Schmertmann\'s equation for settlement estimations of footings (i.e., <i>B</i>/<i>L</i> &#8776; 1) carrying vertical loads in saturated and unsaturated sandy soils. The modified method is developed using model plate load tests (PLTs) and cone penetration tests (CPTs) results conducted in saturated and unsaturated sand in a controlled laboratory environment. Seven in-situ large-scale footings tested under both saturated and unsaturated conditions in sands were used to validate the proposed technique. The results of the study are encouraging as they provide reliable estimates of the settlement of shallow footings in both saturated and unsaturated sands using the conventional CPT results.