A state-of-the-art review on earthquake soil-structure interaction including dynamic cross interaction (DCI) and site city interactions (SCI)

Earthquake soil-structure interaction (ESSI) is the dynamic interaction between seismic waves, soil layers underlying structures, and the structures themselves during earthquakes, which affects the structures' response. This relationship impacts foundation behaviour, soil amplification, energy dissipation, nonlinear effects, resonance phenomena, and earthquake design considerations. Comprehending ESSI is crucial for evaluating structural performance, creating resilient structures and executing efficient seismic retrofitting procedures in earthquake-prone areas. Present seismic standards do not account for interbuilding dynamic interactions through the soil, and hence the associated seismic risk is ignored. However, due to recent population growth in cities and rising land costs, there has been a rise in city building surface density, resulting in buildings being more closely spaced. The seismic analysis of a city with high building surface density is very complex due to detailed requirement material and geometrical properties of historical as well as present structures. The construction of new building adjacent to preexisting building can either reduce or increase its structural response. This phenomenon of dynamic interaction between existing and newly built buildings is known as dynamic cross interaction (DCI) whereas site-city interactions (SCI) describe the effects of a group of structures on the overall seismic response of the site or city. This study covers the entire literature review of the pioneer findings in the field of ESSI considering different types of structures, mitigation techniques, ESSI modelling techniques, comparison between experimental and numerical techniques for earthquake analysis and latest concepts related to ESSI, DCI and SCI further the research gaps and future scope is also discussed.